Medicine Details

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore human health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research, and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing.[1][2] Though medical technology and clinical expertise are pivotal to contemporary medicine, successful face-to-face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as "bedside manner."






History
Main article: History of medicine


Physician treating a patient. Louvre Museum, Paris, France.Prehistoric medicine incorporated plants (herbalism), animal parts and minerals. In many cases these materials were used ritually as magical substances by priests, shamans, or medicine men. Well-known spiritual systems include animism (the notion of inanimate objects having spirits), spiritualism (an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); shamanism (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and divination (magically obtaining the truth). The field of medical anthropology studies the various prehistoric medical systems and their interaction with society.


Early records on medicine have been discovered from early Ayurvedic medicine in the Indian subcontinent, ancient Egyptian medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, the Americas, and ancient Greek medicine. Early Grecian doctors Hippocrates and Galen laid a foundation for later developments in a rational approach to medicine. After the fall of Rome and the onset of the Dark Ages, Islamic physicians made major medical breakthroughs, supported by the translation of Hippocrates' and Galen's works into Arabic. Notable Islamic medical pioneers include polymath Avicenna, who is also called the Father of Modern Medicine,[4][5] Abulcasis, the father of surgery, Avenzoar, the father of experimental surgery, Ibn al-Nafis, the father of circulatory physiology, and Averroes.[6] Rhazes, who is called the father of pediatrics, first disproved the Grecian theory of humorism, which nevertheless remained influential in Western medieval medicine. While major developments in medicine were occurring in the Islamic world during the medieval period, the Western world remained dependent upon the Greco-Roman theory of humorism, which led to questionable treatments such as bloodletting. Islamic medicine and medieval medicine collided during the crusades, with Islamic doctors receiving mixed impressions.[7] As the medieval ages ended, important early figures in medicine emerged in Europe, including Gabriele Falloppio and William Harvey.

Cancer Information

Contributors
Preface
Part I Cardinal Manifestations
1. Cardinal Manifestations of CancerJames F. Holland.
Part II Scientific Foundation, Section 1: Cancer Biology
2. Molecular Biology, Genomics, and ProteomicsKornelia Polyak and Matthew Meyerson.
3. Cell Proliferation and DifferentiationMichael Andreeff, David W. Goodrich, and Arthur B. Pardee.
4. Apoptosis and CancerJohn C. Reed.
5. Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in CancerAnna Bafico and Stuart A. Aaronson.
6. OncogenesMarco A. Pierotti, Gabriella Sozzi, and Carlo M. Croce.
7. Tumor-Suppressor GenesBen Ho Park and Bert Vogelstein.
8. Recurring Chromosome Rearrangements in Human CancerDenise A. Levitan, Rita Nanda, Janet D. Rowley, and Olufunmilayo I. Olopade.
9. Biochemistry of CancerRaymond W. Ruddon.
10. Invasion and MetastasesLance A. Liotta and Elise C. Kohn.
11. Tumor AngiogenesisJudah Folkman and Raghu Kalluri.
Section 2: Cancer Immunology
12. Tumor AntigensHassane M. Zarour, Albert DeLeo, Olivera J. Finn, and Walter J. Storkus.
13. Tumor Markers and ImmunodiagnosisWilliam Bigbee and Ronald B. Herberman.
14. Effectors of Immunity and Rationale for ImmunotherapyTheresa L. Whiteside and Ronald B. Heberman.
15. Tumor-Associated Immunodeficiency and Implications for Tumor Development and PrognosisWilliam H. Chambers, Hannah Rabinowich, and Ronald B. Herberman.
Section 3: Cancer Etiology
16. Genetic Predisposition to CancerMarcia S. Brose, Thomas C. Smyrk, Barbara Weber, and Henry T. Lynch.
17. Chemical CarcinogenesisAinsley Weston and Curtis C. Harris.
18. Hormones and the Etiology of CancerBrian E. Henderson, Leslie Bernstein, and Ronald K. Ross.
19. Ionizing RadiationJohn B. Little.
20. Ultraviolet Radiation CarcinogenesisJames E. Cleaver and David L. Mitchell.
21. Physical CarcinogensMorando Soffritti, Franco Minardi, and Cesare Maltoni.
22. Tumor VirusesRobert C. Gallo and Marvin S. Reitz.
23. HerpesvirusesJeffrey I. Cohen.
24. Papillomaviruses and Cervical NeoplasiaChristopher P. Crum and Catherine M. McLachlin.
25. Hepatitis VirusesMax W. Sung and Swan N. Thung.
26. ParasitesPiero Mustacchi.
Section 4: Cancer Epidemiology, Prevention, and Screening
27. Cancer EpidemiologyMichael J. Thun and Ahmedin Jemal.
28. Prevention of Tobacco-Related CancerPaul F. Engstrom, Margie L. Clapper, and Robert A. Schnoll.
29. Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of CancerSteven K. Clinton, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Elizabeth C. Miller.
30. Chemoprevention of CancerMichael B. Sporn and Scott M. Lippman.
31. Cancer Screening and Early DetectionRobert A. Smith, Curtis J. Mettlin, and Harmon Eyre.
Section 5: Clinical Trials and Outcomes Assessment
32. Theory and Practice of Clinical TrialsMarvin Zelen.
33. Statistical Innovations in Cancer ResearchDonald Berry.
34. Outcomes AssessmentJane C. Weeks.
Part III Cancer Diagnosis, Section 6: Cancer Pathology
35. Principles of Cancer PathologyJames L. Connolly, Stuart J. Schnitt, Helen H. Wang, Janina A. Longtine, Ann Dvorak, and Harold F. Dvorak.
Section 7: Imaging
36. Principles of ImagingEdward F. Patz.
36a. Imaging Cancer of Unknown Primary SiteKitt Shaffer.
36b. Imaging Neoplasms of the Central Nervous System, Head, and NeckChristopher J. Hurt, David M. Yousem, and Norman J. Beauchamp.
36c. Imaging Neoplasms of the ThoraxJeremy J. Erasmus and H. Page McAdams.
36d. Imaging Neoplasms of the Abdomen and PelvisHaesun Choi, Evelyne Loyer, Harmeet Kaur, and Paul M. Silverman.
36e. Imaging of Musculoskeletal NeoplasmsR. Lee Cothran and Clyde A. Helms.
36f. Imaging the BreastLawrence W. Bassett, Karen Conner, and MS.
36g. Ultrasonography: Its Role in Oncologic ImagingStephanie R. Wilson.
36h. Radionuclide Imaging in Cancer MedicineR. Edward Coleman.
36i. Perspectives in Imaging: Present and Future Prospects of Clinical Molecular ImagingDavid Piwnica-Worms.
37. Interventional Radiology for the Cancer PatientMarshall Hicks, Michael Wallace, and Sanjay Gupta.
Part IV Therapeutic Modalities, Section 8: Surgical Oncology
38. Principles of Surgical OncologyRaphael E. Pollock and Donald L. Morton.
Section 9: Radiation Oncology
39. Principles of Radiation OncologyArno J. Mundt, John C. Roeske, Theodore D. Chung, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.
40. Photodynamic Therapy of CancerTayyaba Hasan, Bernhard Ortel, Anne C.E. Moor, and Brian W. Pogue.
41. HyperthermiaMark W. Dewhirst, Ellen Jones, Thaddeus Samulski, Zeljko Vujaskovic, Chuan Li, and Leonard Prosnitz.
Section 10: Medical Oncology
42. Principles of Medical OncologyJames F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, and Robert C. Bast.
Section 11: Chemotherapy
43. CytokineticsChau Dang, Teresa A. Gilewski, Antonella Surbone, and Larry Norton.
44. Principles of Dose, Schedule, and Combination TherapyEmil Frei and Joseph Paul Eder.
45. Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of New Anticancer AgentsDaniel D. Von Hoff and Axel-R. Hanauske.
46. PharmacologyMark J. Ratain and William K. Plunkett.
47. Regional ChemotherapyMaurie Markman.
48. Drug Resistance and Its Clinical CircumventionJeffrey Moscow, Charles S. Morrow, and Kenneth H. Cowan.
Section 12: Chemotherapeutic Agents
49. Folate AntagonistsBarton A. Kamen, Peter D. Cole, and Joseph R. Bertino.
50. Pyrimidine and Purine AntimetabolitesGiuseppe Pizzorno, Robert B. Diasio, and Yung-Chi Cheng.
51. Alkylating Agents and Platinum Antitumor CompoundsMichael Colvin.
52. Anthracyclines and DNA Intercalators/Epipodophyllotoxins/ Camptothecins/DNA TopoisomerasesEric H. Rubin and William N. Hait.
53. Microtubule-Targeting Natural ProductsEric Rowinsky.
54. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinases in the Treatment of Human CancerMichael C. Heinrich, Charles D. Blanke, Christopher L. Corless, and Brian J. Druker.
Section 13: Biotherapeutics
55. AsparaginaseJoanne Kurtzberg, David Yousem, and Norman Beauchamp.
56. InterferonsErnest C. Borden.
57. Cytokines: Biology and Applications in Cancer MedicineSuhendan Ekmekcioglu and Elizabeth A. Grimm.
58. Hematopoietic Growth FactorsRazelle Kurzrock.
59. Monoclonal SerotherapyRobert C. Bast, Christina A. Kousparou, Agamemnon A. Epenetos, Michael R. Zalutsky, Robert J. Kreitman, Edward A. Sausville, and Arthur E. Frankel.
60. Vaccines and ImmunostimulantsJeffrey Schlom and Scott I. Abrams.
Section 14: Endocrine Therapy
61. Hypothalamic and Other Peptide HormonesAndrew V. Schally and Ana Maria Comaru-Schally.
62. CorticosteroidsLorraine I. McKay and John A. Cidlowski.
63. Estrogens and AntiestrogensCraig V. Jordan.
64. Aromatase InhibitorsAman U. Buzdar and Harold A. Harvey.
65. ProgestinsKenneth S. McCarty, Mark Nichols, and Kenneth S. McCarty.
66. Androgen Deprivation Strategies in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate CancerSamuel R. Denmeade and John T. Isaacs.
Section 15: Gene Therapy
67. Cancer Gene TherapySunil J. Advani, Ralph R. Weichselbaum, and Donald W. Kufe.
Section 16: Bone Marrow Transplantation
68. Autologous Bone Marrow and Stem Cell TransplantationWilliam P. Peters, Roger Dansey, and Roy D. Baynes.
69. Hematopoietic Cellular TransplantationRichard Champlin.
Part V Multidisciplinary Management, Section 17: Psycho-Oncology
70. Psycho-OncologyJimmie C. Holland and Jane Gooen-Piels.
Section 18: Oncology Nursing
71. Principles of Oncology NursingPaula Trahan Rieger and Connie Henke Yarbro.
Section 19: Cancer Rehabilitation Medicine
72. Principles of Cancer Rehabilitation MedicineKristjan T. Ragnarsson and David C. Thomas.
Section 20: Multidisciplinary Management
73. Principles of Multidisciplinary ManagementJames F. Holland, Emil Frei, Donald W. Kufe, Robert C. Bast, Raphael E. Pollock, and Ralph R. Weichselbaum.
74. Cancer and PregnancyRichard L. Theriault, Karin M.E.H. Gwyn, and Gabriel N. Hortobagyi.
75. Cancer and AgingArti Hurria, Hyman B. Muss, and Harvey J. Cohen.
76. Complementary and Alternative Cancer TherapiesBarrie R. Cassileth and Andrew Vickers.
Section 21: Pain and Palliation
77. Palliative CareNatalie Moryl, Alan C. Carver, and Kathleen M. Foley.
78. Management of Cancer PainAlan C. Carver and Kathleen M. Foley.
Section 22: Societal Oncology
79. Ethics in OncologyEzekiel J. Emanuel and Steven Joffe.
80. Cancer and the LawJoseph M. Taraska.
81. The Government and Cancer MedicineAnna D. Barker and Hamilton Jordan.
82. Clinical Oncology in a Changing Healthcare EnvironmentMartin N. Raber and Joseph P. Bailes.
Part VI Cancer Management, Section 23: Central Nervous System
83. Primary Neoplasms of the Central Nervous SystemEdward Pan and Michael D. Prados.
84. Brain MetastasesLisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.
Section 24: The Eye
85. Neoplasms of the EyeDavid H. Abramson, Amy C. Schefler, Ira J. Dunkel, Beryl McCormick, and Kip W. Dolphin.
Section 25: Endocrine Glands
86. Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands: Pituitary NeoplasmsChirag D. Gandhi and Kalmon D. Post.
87. Neoplasms of the ThyroidSteven I. Sherman and Ann M. Gillenwater.
88. Neoplasms of the Adrenal CortexDavid E. Schteingart.
89. Neoplasms of the Diffuse Endocrine SystemLarry K. Kvols.
Section 26: Head and Neck
90. Neoplasms of the Head and NeckEduardo M. Diaz, Erich M. Sturgis, George E. Laramore, Anita L. Sabichi, Scott M. Lippman, and Gary Clayman.
91. Odontogenic TumorsLewis Clayman.
Section 27: The Thorax
92. Cancer of the LungAra A. Vaporciyan, Merrill S. Kies, Craig W. Stevens, Ritsuko Komaki, and Jack A. Roth.
93. Malignant MesotheliomaA. Philippe Chahinian and Harvey I. Pass.
94. Thymomas and Thymic TumorsA. Philippe Chahinian.
95. Tumors of the Heart and Great VesselsA. Philippe Chahinian, David E. Gutstein, and Valentin Fuster.
96. Primary Germ Cell Tumors of the ThoraxJohn D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.
97. Metastatic Tumors in the ThoraxDonald L. Morton and Katharine Yao.
Section 28: Gastrointestinal Tract
98. Neoplasms of the EsophagusStephen G. Swisher, Jaffer A. Ajani, Ritsuko K. Komaki, and Mark K. Ferguson.
99. Gastric CancerPaul F. Mansfield, James C. Yao, and Christopher H. Crane.
100. Primary Neoplasms of the LiverPaul F. Engstrom, Elin R. Sigurdson, Alison A. Evans, and James F. Pingpank.
101. Treatment of Liver MetastasesNancy E. Kemeny and Yuman Fong.
102. Gallbladder and Bile Duct CancerSteven A. Curley.
103a. Neoplasms of the Exocrine PancreasRobert A. Wolff, James Abbruzzese, and Douglas B. Evans.
103b. Neoplasms of the Ampulla of VaterTina W.F. Yen, Robert A. Wolff, and Douglas B. Evans.
104. Neoplasms of the Small IntestineElizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.
105. Neoplasms of the Vermiform Appendix and PeritoneumElizabeth G. Grubbs and Douglas S. Tyler.
106. Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and RectumMiguel A. Rodriguez-Bigas, Edward H. Lin, and Christopher H. Crane.
107. Neoplasms of the AnusBrenda Shank, Warren E. Enker, and Marshall S. Flam.
Section 29: Genitourinary Tract
108. Renal Cell CarcinomaJerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.
109. Neoplasms of the Renal Pelvis and UreterJerome P. Richie and Philip W. Kantoff.
110. Bladder CancerTimothy D. Gilligan, Graeme S. Steele, Anthony L. Zietman, and Philip W. Kantoff.
111. Neoplasms of the ProstateWilliam K. Oh, Mark Hurwitz, Anthony V. D'Amico, Jerome P. Richie, and Philip W. Kantoff.
112. Tumors of the Penis and UrethraDonald F. Lynch.
113. Testis CancerNasser Hanna, Robert Timmerman, Richard S. Foster, Bruce J. Roth, Lawrence H. Einhorn, and Craig R. Nichols.
Section 30: Female Reproductive Organs
114. Neoplasms of the Vulva and VaginaJacob Rotmensch and S. Diane Yamada.
115. Neoplasms of the CervixAnuja Jhingran, Patricia J. Eifel, J. Taylor Wharton, and Guillermo Tortolero-Luna.
116. Endometrial CancerJamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.
117. Neoplasms of the Fallopian TubeCarmel J. Cohen and Jamal Rahaman.
118. Ovarian CancerJonathan S. Berek and Robert C. Bast.
119. Gestational Trophoblastic DiseaseRoss S. Berkowitz and Donald P. Goldstein.
120. Gynecologic SarcomasJamal Rahaman and Carmel J. Cohen.
Section 31: The Breast
121. Neoplasms of the BreastRichard G. Margolese,, Gabriel N. Hortobagyi,, and Thomas A. Buchholz,.
Section 32: The Skin
122. Malignant MelanomaDonald L. Morton, Richard Essner, John M. Kirkwood, and Robert C. Wollman.
123. Other Skin CancersVictor A. Neel and Arthur J. Sober.
Section 33: Bone And Soft Tissue
124. Bone TumorsDempsey Springfield and Gerald Rosen.
125. Soft-Tissue SarcomasPeter W.T. Pisters and Brian O'Sullivan.
Section 34: Hematopoietic System
126. The Myelodysplastic SyndromeLewis R. Silverman.
127. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in AdultsCharles A. Schiffer and Richard M. Stone.
128. Chronic Myeloid LeukemiaRichard T. Silver.
129. Adult Acute Lymphocytic LeukemiaGuillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop M. Kantarjian, and Charles A. Schiffer.
130. Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaKanti R. Rai and Michael J. Keating.
131. Hairy Cell LeukemiaHarvey M. Golomb and James W. Vardiman.
132. Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell NeoplasmsRichard M. Stone and Steven H. Bernstein.
133. Hodgkin's DiseasePeter M. Mauch, Lawrence Weiss, and James O. Armitage.
134. Non-Hodgkin's LymphomasArnold S. Freedman and Lee M. Nadler.
135. Mycosis Fungoides and the Sézary SyndromeRichard T. Hoppe and Youn H. Kim.
136. Plasma Cell TumorsNoopur Raje, Teru Hideshima, and Kenneth C. Anderson.
137. The Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: Essential Thrombocythemia, Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia, and Polycythemia VeraDavid P. Steensma and Ayalew Tefferi.
Section 35: Neoplasms in Aids
138. Neoplasms in Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeDavid T. Scadden.
Section 36: Unknown Primary Site
139. Neoplasms of Unknown Primary SiteJohn D. Hainsworth and F. Anthony Greco.
Part VII Pediatric Oncology, Section 37: Pediatric Oncology
140a. Pediatric Oncology: Principles and PracticeGregory H. Reaman.
140b. Incidence, Origins, EpidemiologyLeslie L. Robison.
140c. Late Effects of Treatment of Cancer in Children and AdolescentsDaniel M. Green.
141a. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaPaul S. Gaynon, Anne L. Angiolillo, Janet L. Franklin, and Gregory H. Reaman.
141b. Acute Myeloid Leukemia in ChildrenRichard Aplenc and Beverly Lange.
141c. Primary Central Nervous System Tumors of the Infant and ChildTobey J. MacDonald and Brian R. Rood.
141d. Hodgkin's DiseaseJames Nachman.
141e. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in ChildrenMitchell S. Cairo, Elizabeth Raetz, and Sherrie Perkins.
142a. Less-Frequently Encountered Tumors of ChildhoodCarlos Rodriguez-Galindo and Alberto S. Pappo.
142b. Renal Tumors of ChildhoodPaul E. Grundy, Michael L. Ritchey, Elizabeth J. Perlman, and John A. Kalapurakal.
142c. NeuroblastomaJohn M. Maris and Suzanne Shusterman.
142d. Soft-Tissue SarcomasWilliam H. Meyer.
142e. Bone TumorsRichard G. Gorlick, Jeffrey A. Toretsky, Neyssa Marina, Suzanne L. Wolden, R. Lor. Randall, Mark C. Gebhardt, Lisa A. Teot, and Mark Bernstein.
143a. Unique Pathologic Features of Childhood CancerKadria Sayed and David M. Parham.
143b. Special Considerations for Young Adults and Older AdolescentsW. Archie Bleyer and Karen Albritton.
Part VIII Complications, Section 38: Complications of Cancer and its Treatment
144. Cancer Anorexia and CachexiaTakao Ohnuma.
145. Antiemetic Therapy with ChemotherapyRichard Gralla.
146. Neurologic ComplicationsLisa M. DeAngelis and Jerome B. Posner.
147. Dermatologic Complications of Cancer ChemotherapyNarin Apisarnthanarax and Madeleine M. Duvic.
148. Skeletal ComplicationsSamuel Kenan and Jeffrey I. Mechanick.
149. Hematologic Complications and Blood Bank SupportRichard M. Kaufman and Kenneth C. Anderson.
150. Coagulopathic Complications of Cancer PatientsMaria T. DeSancho and Jacob H. Rand.
151. Urologic ComplicationsChristopher J. Logothetis, Vasily Assikis, and Jose E. Sarriera.
152. Cardiac ComplicationsMichael S. Ewer, Robert S. Benjamin, and Edward T.H. Yeh.
153. Respiratory ComplicationsJohn C. Ruckdeschel, John Greene, K. Eric Sommers, and Karen K. Fields.
154. Liver Function and Hepatotoxicity in CancerLaurie D. DeLeve.
155. Gastrointestinal ComplicationsFrank A. Sinicrope.
156. Oral ComplicationsStephen T. Sonis and Joseph W. Costa.
157. Gonadal ComplicationsCatherine E. Klein.
158. Endocrine Complications and Paraneoplastic SyndromesSai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Robert F. Gagel.
159. Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and ManagementSusan R. Rheingold, Alfred I. Neugut, and Anna T. Meadows.
Section 39: Infection in the Cancer Patient
160. Infections in Patients with CancerKenneth V.I. Rolston and Gerald P. Bodey.
Section 40: Oncologic Emergencies
161. Oncologic EmergenciesSai-Ching Jim. Yeung and Carmen P. Escalante.
Part IX Informatics, Section 41: Oncology and Informatics
162. Oncology InformaticsEdward P. Ambinder.

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Cancer Information